Two Times Tables Worksheets and Printables

Death Of A Loved One - 1060 Words

Death of a Loved One Studies have shown as many as 5-15% of bereaved people seem to develop severe long- term reactions to their loss. (Horowitz, M.J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G.A., Milbrath, C., Stinson, C.H). Most people have experienced some type a loss their life. One of the most traumatic is a death of a loved one. Coping with the passing of a loved one can be extremely challenging and distressing. Crisis workers need to understand the grieving process, use the Schneider’s Growth Model and The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. (TRIG)assessment as well as any intervention strategies for them to facilitate healing after the death of a loved one. Grieving Process One way for the crisis worker to help a person who has experienced a death of a loved one, they must understand the grieving process. A good way to that is to learn terms associated with loss. Some of the terms are bereavement, grief, mourning, uncomplicated bereavement and complicated grief or prolonged grief just to name a few. According to Brown and Goodman (2005), Bereavement is understood to be the experience of having lost a loved one to death and grief is the various emotional, physiological, cognitive and behavioral reactions to the loss and mourning is the cultural practices which express bereavement and grief. (Brown, E. J., Goodman, R. F. (2005). Reactions to death are unique to a person. The response depends on the several factors those being the severity of the loss, how close theShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of A Loved One1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe death of a loved one is not something that is easy to live through. For Cheryl Strayed that was no different, but Stray ed used it as her driving force at a chance to pursue her dreams as well as an opportunity make her grieving heard. She battle with the death of her mother as well as her whole life being turned upside down as acknowledged in, â€Å"I’d find my strength again, far from everything that had made my life ridiculous† (Strayed 57). One thing that did not change throughout it all was thatRead MoreThe Death Of A Loved One1482 Words   |  6 Pages The death of a loved one is an incredibly difficult loss to overcome. The death of a loved one could happen anytime in a person’s life and never becomes easy to cope with. Although everyone must confront this reality, not all cope with their grief in the same manner. One person’s grieving process could differ to another’s with differing variables, such as: length of process, details of loss, manifestations, and severity of grief. People’s grieving processes may slightly differ from one anotherRead Mo reThe Death Of A Loved One1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe death of a loved one can be difficult to understand especially when it involves a child. People often use an experience like the loss of a loved one as a chance to redefine their own life and to change the way they view and experience life. In the novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s life is forever altered by the death of his brother. When Holden’s kid brother Allie passes away, he does not have the expertise to handle the emotions that flood him, and he has a mentalRead MoreThe Death Of A Loved One Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Death of a Loved One† Have you ever had someone that was close to you die? I have had pets that I was close to die, but not someone I saw on weekly bases, until my great grandfather died. Death is something everyone experiences some time in their lifetime and people deal with it in many different ways. In the August of 2016, I was forced to learn how I was going to learn to deal with it. My great grandfather Bob Howell, who we called Papa Bob, was one of the greatest men ever in my opinion. HeRead MoreThe Death Of A Loved One2206 Words   |  9 Pages The death of a loved one is an event that all of us is likely to experience during our lifetimes, often on numerous occasions. For many human beings, the subject of death could be creepy, undeniable, frightening and something too dark to face. The reality is that when a human being is born death is also born. Since we left the womb of our mother s, death is part of our journey through life and becomes a shadow forever. While such loss often transforms lives, it does not necessarily need to be forRead MoreDeath Of A Loved One Essay1826 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout life, each and every one of us will experience losses and grief. Grief is the normal response to loss, and affects people cognitively and physically, as well as emotionally. The main task of grief is to adapt to the loss, and to integrate the experience i nto ongoing life, after the loss (Winkover Harris, 2012). Death of a loved one is one form of loss in relationships. Separation, illness, and whenever a change is perceived within a relationship, can also be experienced as a loss (HumphreyRead MoreThe Death Of Loved Ones And The Mistreatment Of Their Bodies Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesIn Homer’s Iliad and Thucydides History the death of loved ones and the mistreatment of their bodies provoke a variety of profound emotions and reactions. The mistreatment of Patroclus’ and Hector’s bodies results in the inability of the soul to pass into the afterlife, the grief of families and friends, and, once the funeral takes place, the celebration of their kleos and timÄ“ by their communities. The catastrophic plague in Athens, by contrast, creates a state of hedonistic lawlessness amongRead MoreAbortion, The Death Of A Loved One, And Terror980 Words   |  4 Pages Death â€Å"At that time, we were completely overwhelmed, the burden was more than we could bear, in fact we told ourselves that this was the end. Yet, we believe now that we had the experience of coming to the end of our tether that we might learn to trust, not in ourselves, but in God who can raise the dead.† (2Corinthians 1:8b-9 PH) We all know that humanity will submit to God’s plan, death. Its ripple effect varies from one person to the other based on a person’s own experience. Death mayRead MorePoem Analysis : The Death Of A Loved One 1421 Words   |  6 PagesI chose this poem because I do believe that we will lose everything at some point in time. We will lose our loved ones and eventually ourselves. Yes, we do find ways to cope but we will never get over it. The way she was struggling to admit that she wasn’t over a loved one, was similar to the way I had the struggle to admit that I wasn’t over the death of a loved one. Before, I have never expected it to be so hard until it happened to me. It took me years to let go and finally admit that person wasRead MoreMilitary Death and the Families’ Reaction to Losing Their Loved Ones1103 Words   |  5 PagesLosing a loved one is always a difficult and traumatic time that every person in his or her life has to go through. People go through many stages of grief and react to death differently. Some people tend to have flat a fleck, while others are seen whaling to miss that loved one. Many people feel an intense sadness or lost when someone close to them dies. This affects the way they react to others, extend of their physical and mental health in which is tested as well the length of healing to get over

Mahalia Jackson free essay sample

â€Å"All Hail, the Queen of Gospel†! Does Aretha Franklin spark a thought? Shirley Caesar? Mahalia Jackson is the woman who has earned that title among others in American Gospel. This biography of Jackson aims to clarify the height of success that Jackson acquired and why she is called the â€Å"World’s Greatest Gospel Singer,† we begin with the early influences of New Orleans and her breakthrough moments in Chicago, Mahalia Jackson was born October 11, 1912, on Waters Street of New Orleans, Louisiana. Jackson was the third of six children and lived in what she called a three room â€Å"shotgun shack† near the Mississippi River levee. Both sets of Jackson’s grandparents were born into slavery and freed after the Civil War. Jackson learned the struggles of the family’s history through her Uncle Porter, her mother’s brother. Jackson’s mother died suddenly when she was five years old of an unknown illness, and her father, a barber who was not often present during her life brought her to live with a relative, Mahalia Paul or â€Å"Aunt Duke. † Young Jackson went was far as the eighth grade until she was hired a laundress to bring income to the household in addition to helping with her aunt as a domestic worker in various positions. Her father often contributed money for Jackson and her brother, William. Jackson stayed with Aunt Duke for the years she remained in New Orleans. In New Orleans, there was a multicultural influence on Jackson’s music education and New Orleans was full of music while she was growing up. The brass bands were prominent. There was still music on the showboats on the Mississippi, there were all the cabarets, and cafes, where musicians such as Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver played Ragtime music, jazz, and the blues were played all over town. Jackson enjoyed All Saints Day, where thousands of residents came to picnic and sing songs. This day tied together her loved of gospel with the fellowship of the festivities. Jackson loved to sing amongst the congregation. At Mount Moriah Baptist Church, where she had the foot tapping and hand clapping praises that she enjoyed so much. Jackson enjoyed congregation singing more than singing in the choir. Jackson compared choir singing to anthems and congregation singing to testifying to the Lord. Mahalia Jackson credits the Sanctified and Holiness churches of the South as the great influences in her life. Even though Jackson was a Baptist, she experienced Holiness worship of the church because she lived next door to one. Jackson described the praise in these words, â€Å"Those people had no choir and no organ. Everybody in there sang and the clapped and stomped their feet and sang with their whole bodies. † Jackson went on to say, â€Å"They had a powerful beat, a rhythm we held onto from slavery days and their music was so strong and expressive it used to bring tears to my eyes. † Mahalia Jackson remained in New Orleans until she was sixteen. In 1927, she moved to Chicago. Jackson’s father brought back discouraging news of his travels to Chicago, sharing stories of Al Capone and mob scene and decreeing that the hustle and bustle of city life was too much. That information only deterred Jackson for a short while. With money that she had saved from her work as a nursemaid and laundress she traveled to Chicago in 1928. She admitted that she was frightened but she thought the church would be able to protect her from the gangsters but she was determined to go. Jackson traveled North Chicago accompanied by her Aunt Hannah. Once in Chicago, she resided with Aunt Hannah on the Southside, which was the second largest African American population in the U. S. , second only to Harlem, NY. Jackson continued domestic labor in the new city and did not return to New Orleans for fifteen years. Jackson often said she owed her sense of self to the city of Chicago. Here in Chicago she found her second home The Greater Salem Baptist Church led by a Rev. Johnson. Mahalia Jackson stated that the Great Depression was responsible for her career in gospel singing. In 1929 during the Great Depression, Jackson became a member of the Johnson Singers, a singing and entertainment group. The Johnson singers were arranged of the three Johnson brothers, Prince, Robert, Wilbur, a young woman named Louise Barry and Jackson. Jackson tried her hand at acting while with the Johnson group. Robert Johnson wrote and directed plays like Hellbound, From Earth to Glory, and The Fatal Wedding. Jackson was often the leading woman. Prince was the arranger of the music they performed, he also had his own style of playing, and Jackson seemed to fit right in with the rhythm. Jackson also described the unique style as a bounce that made them popular from the start and they decided on the name the Johnson Singers. As they got more attention in Chicago’s Southside churches, the Johnson Singers improvised on the music, strayed from the score, and gave the songs a spin of their own. The Johnson Singers earned the titles of the â€Å"first Negro gospel group in Chicago†. In addition to the group being recognized, Prince was unofficially named the† first gospel pianist† in the city. In time, the Johnson Singers became swamped with invitations to sing in churches downstate and Indiana. Mahalia Jackson only formally took lessons at Professor Dubois South Side music school. There by the professor, urged her to change her singing style from a â€Å"hollering† to a â€Å"slow and sweeter pace. While making money with the Johnson Singers, Jackson saved money for singing lessons and she sought out Professor Dubois, a great tenor and was a noted concert and operatic singer. During the lesson Jackson showed off her â€Å"bounce† that she perfected with the Johnson Singers. While singing the spiritual â€Å"Standing in the Need of Prayer† Jackson recalled her mannerisms during the song, â€Å"I had such a rhythm inside of me that I kept picking up the beat and out of the corner of my eye I could see the Professor frowning. † Professor DuBois told Jackson that was no way to sing that song. He instructed her to sing in a real sad and solemn way. Jackson tried again but that style was too slow and mournful for her taste. Jackson was told that her singing style is not a credit to the Negro race. And that she should sing songs so that white people can understand them. Jackson felt confused about what she heard. Jackson as felt it was too polished. She paid for her lesson with Professor DuBois and left. It turned out to be her one and only singing lesson. In 1935, during a church social, Mahalia Jackson met a young man. She was twenty-four and working as house cleaner in a hotel and did not venture out socially unless it was church related. The young man was a graduate of Fisk University and Tuskegee Institute. His name was Isaac â€Å"Ike† Hockenhull. They dated for about a year and were married. He encouraged her business aspirations but realized the great potential of her developing musical talent as a bigger source of income. He was did not approve of her time spent singing gospel. He felt that her singing gospel music was not educated. The music was not the only thing Jackson and her husband had differing views on. Isaac Hockenhull held a love for horseracing. She was too far inside the church to approve of gambling. Not surprisingly, Hockenhull and Jackson separated and later divorced. Mahalia Jackson and the Father of Gospel Music, composer Thomas A. Dorsey, also of Chicago met in passing in 1929. By the late 1930’s Mahalia Jackson began to work with Dorsey, the leading gospel composer and coach of the day. He was the choirmaster of many of the Baptist churches in Chicago. He officially became her musical advisor and accompanist from 1937 to 1946. Jackson sang Dorseys songs in church rograms and at conventions to promote the new songwriters compositions. Her signature performance of Precious Lord Take My Hand, composed by Dorsey, became one of the most requested songs in her growing repertoire He assessed Jackson’s talent as far above average and aimed to be her mentor and coach. Dorsey soon realized Mahalia Jackson was born to sing and needed no outside direction. Dorsey wrote â€Å"Peace in the Valley† for Jackson in 1937, which also became a gospel standard. In 1939, Jackson popularizes the recording and becomes a star. Dorsey had dedicated several gospel songs to her, and these became her trademark. Their fourteen years of musical association was highly successful. Mahalia Jackson had many influences on her singing career. Musicians from the rock n’ roll, gospel industry and rhythm blues genres filled the roster. Little Richard said of Jackson that she is â€Å"the true queen of spiritual singers. † Her roots from New Orleans were very important to her success and religious passion was paramount in Jackson’s life. Singing in a grainy, full-throated soprano voice employing slurs and blue notes, Mahalia Jackson brought a heightened drama and syncopated bounce to her readings giving her gospel success. She was invited to be the soloist of the National Baptist Convention in 1947. In her career, she recorded over thirty albums and had over fifty hit songs. Jackson’s most popular song sold over a million copies and said to be the most lucrative gospel song in history. Her well known performances include are Move Up a Little Higher, How I Got Over, Take My Hand, Precious Lord, The Upper Room, We Shall Overcome, and What Child Is This. Her most popular albums are Live at Newport, a Mighty Fortress, the Power and the Glory, and Just as I Am. Some of her most popular song was sung at important venues in history. For example, she sang for Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, performing at the latter is inaugural ceremony. In 1952, Jackson toured Europe for the first time. In Europe, she received the same accolades that she was receiving in America. She was introduced to Europe by a man name Hugh Panassie a French jazz historian. Panassie played all the Jackson recordings on the radio and she gained recognition in Great Britain and Western Europe. She earned another nickname from the Parisians, â€Å"The Angel of Peace. Each of her overseas performances were to sold-out and most were standing room only, which is a remarkable feat for a gospel artist. At Londons famed Royal Albert Hall, critic Max Jones spoke of her charm. When she dances those little church steps at the end of a rocking number, you need a heart of stone to remain unsmiling. † (Broughton, 54) In a later conversation with Max Jones, she said, I dont work for money. I sing because I love to sing. † (Broughton, 54) While touring Europe she often performs night after night but she insisted on singing fifteen to twenty selections at each concert. Jackson had the opportunity to perform in Africa, Japan, and India. While performing in Europe from 1952 to 1964 she met people of power such as Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and members of the royal family in Japan. The many historic accounts of Jacksons life usually speak of her generosity to family, friends, and young people. She received the Silver Dove Award for her work of quality doing the most good for international understanding with the foundations and charities she help support. The Civil Rights Movements was very important to her and her involvement demonstrates that. She participated in the Alabama Bus Boycott and was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC). With the time spent both in New Orleans and in Chicago, she was able to see two different sides of the Civil Rights Movement. Her songs and culture were all influenced by the movement. Mahalia Jackson struggled with heart ailments and her weight in her life. Jackson was a hard worker and she performed most concerts in pain. She let the medical conditions worsen and she had to cancel tour dates during the summer months of 1963 to recuperate. While resting at home, Dr. Martin Luther King asked her to come down south during the civil rights movement and she said, â€Å"I can’t come yet. In the shape I am in, if I get arrested during one of your demonstrations and end up in one of those Georgia jails, I will never make it to the outside world again. But give me a little time and I’m going to sing for you-somewhere-someday† (Jackson 187). This goes to show how deeply involved she wanted to be in the Movement. As the summer went on, she was able to muster up some strength to get involved and join in with the events. August 28 1963 was a sunny day; the scene was set at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D. C. where Jackson stood beside Martin Luther King protesting about the equality of jobs and freedom. The march was led by Phillip Randolph, and had the works for almost a year. The night before the march Jackson arrived at the hotel in anxiety wondering if the people would really come. She also described the area as a ghost town because many had left town when they heard the march was actually going to occur. Jackson was reassured by the good turnout and that she could lend her voice to the cause and keeping the thousands of people in a positive mindset. Mahalia set the tone at the March on Washington for some estimated 250,000 people gathered at Lincoln Memorial as she sang the black spiritual â€Å"Ive been ‘Buked and Ive Been Scorned†. She was a quiet but strong supporter of many civil rights causes. She was accustomed to singing a heave performance schedule but singing for the marchs participants felt different to her because it was for the uplifting the civil right movement. She was filled with so much joy that she began clapping her hands and swaying from side to side and the crowd joined in with her. As the day came to a close Jackson sung over twenty songs and every single song was moving and heartfelt. Jackson felt this was the greatest day of her life to be involved in such a gathering that will be Civil Rights history. A few weeks later while she was in California, Jackson heard that John F. Kennedy was assassinated and she felt like most Americans, all hope was gone. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, TN on April 4, 1968. She had to fulfill his request of being the soloist as his funeral. As the deal went Jackson had to sing Precious Lord Take my Hand and he was eulogize at her funeral relative to who passed away first. The deaths of John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, she decided it was time to retire from the political front and concentrate on her health. She had made a large contribution to the Civil Rights Movement allowing the people to embrace the words that she sang and at the end of the day that encouraged some of the people to finish with hope. Throughout all the success, love, and accolades Jackson received from fans, she was a family woman at heart and longed to have a companion. A saxophonist, Sigmund Galloway became good friends with Jackson and often escorted her to prime events and casual dinners. In spending a lot of time together they decided to give marriage a chance. In 1965, she married Galloway in a rushed but quaint ceremony at her home. Her marriage to Galloway gave her companionship but also a child, a daughter from his previous relationship. Jackson was content because through medical troubles of her own she could not have children. The marriage was plagued by Jackson’s great talent. Galloway felt that she was finally rubbing shoulders with the class of people that was worthy of her talent and if she switched over to secular music that her success will over be more of the life he felt befitted the â€Å"The Queen†. With the constant touring, being away from home, the stress of being married to a successful musician, and Galloway’s own career overshadowed, he felt the marriage was too demanding. Once again Jackson had to choose between her god and music or love and companionship. This marriage to musician, Sigmund Galloway also ended in divorce. The couple reconciled but never remarried. Chicago remained Mahalia Jackson’s home until the end. Jackson, a business woman opened a beauty salon, a floral shop and invested in real estate. It is speculated that the Mahalia Jackson estate was worth at least 4 million dollars, which is unheard of the primary gospel artist and a great accomplishment in that time and for a New Orleans native born into poverty. In the end, Jackson could no longer contain the tumors she was consumed by, the weight she battled and the heart that could not support her any longer. At Chicago’s Little Company of Mary Hospital she succumbed of heart failure on January 27, 1972. At the time of her death Jackson was sixty years old. In Chicago, a bitterly cold day, January 30 1972, the lines formed early outside Greater Salem Baptist Church and 50,000 of the people who had known and loved Mahalia Jackson filed silently past her mahogany, glass-topped coffin in final tribute to the queen of gospel song. Mahalia Jackson was taken back to her home state Louisiana a thousand miles away and there she became the first private citizen to lie in state. Three days later after the Chicago home going, the scene repeated itself: again the long lines, again the silent tribute, again the thousands filling, this time, the great hall of the River gate Convention Center in downtown New Orleans. The crowd included school children, whites from the rich suburbs and the poor of Rampart and Dryades streets. Missing from the Rivergate thousands which emptied into New Orleans streets were the traditional marching bands. Jackson, a woman of great dignity and simple tastes, had always said she wanted no big fanfare. Throughout the week of homage there was the constant reminder that Jackson’ s life had been one during which she celebrated not so much the greatness of her extraordinary career but the humbleness of her birth, her great love for the church, the strength she drew from faith. It is possible that through Mahalia Jackson’s lifeline starting in New Orleans, breakthrough in Chicago, and the pentacle of success that took her abroad one can appreciate Ms. Jackson as a true trailblazer in gospel. Jackson was an icon not only in the gospel genre of music but for every African American musician trying to cross boundaries domestic and abroad. We should respect Jackson for her love of music and ability to convey emotion through the music that spoke to every open heart and mind.

Parenting Styles and Discipline Essay Example

Parenting Styles and Discipline Essay Parenting Styles and Discipline There are three parenting styles and who you are as a parent has a lot to do with the way your child responds to you. The authoritarian parent values obedience. The rules are clear but inflexible. Misbehavior is strictly punished. In this type of environment, it is common for children to feel fearful and for parents to use fear as a teaching strategy. The authoritarian parent teaches the child what to think as opposed to how to think since the parent makes all decisions for the child. This parent uses reward and punishment to control the child’s behavior. An authoritarian style can have unintended side effects. When parents rigidly discipline, children can become rigid, obsessive and people-pleasing. They may experience shame and guilt. An authoritarian style doesn’t teach children healthy ways for managing emotions; the focus is on accepting authority rather than learning how to make choices and distinguish right and wrong. A permissive parent allows children to learn the consequences of their actions for themselves, without providing guidance. There are no clear limits and misbehavior is often ignored. Unlike the authoritarian parent, the permissive parent offers little structure and few boundaries. Children have total freedom to act however they want. Often the parent is a slave to the child. While a permissive style of parenting may seem to support children’s creativity and provide a sense of being fully accepted, it lacks the structure they need to feel safe. Without limits, children can feel confused and insecure. It also robs the child of selfrespect and self-esteem by doing things for the child that the child can do for himself. It is an invitation for rebellion with inconsistent parenting. We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles and Discipline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles and Discipline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Parenting Styles and Discipline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As with an authoritarian style, permissiveness doesn’t teach children how to handle their emotions in a healthy way. It also doesn’t support them in developing an internal moral compass. Having free license to choose behavior without considering rules or the impact on other people sets children up for failure in their relationships and at school and work. In 1971 Diana Baumrind used the classifications of â€Å"Neglectful† and â€Å"Indulgent† parenting, instead of permissive, in Development Psychology Monographs. An authoritative parent is kind, but firm. Authoritative parents are respectful towards their children, and model this behavior. They set and enforce limits, clarify issues and give reasons for limits. They provide children with practice in making choices and guide them to see the consequences of their choices. They teach their children how to solve problems, even providing them with decision-making opportunities. These are essential skills in adulthood. Self-esteem flourishes as children learn to rely on their own abilities to determine right from wrong and to act accordingly. Parenting discipline has become a hugely debated subject. Discipline is often taken as a bad thing, however, discipline does not have to be automatically considered a punishment. Discipline by definition means; â€Å"Training expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement. † Psychologist Dr. Leman spoke of â€Å"reality disciplinarians† that â€Å"try to be consistent, decisive, and respectful of their children as persons. † While holding their children accountable for their actions, they encourage their children to learn. The parent should communicate to their children that they love them even though they don’t always love their behavior by choosing their words wisely. There are unfortunately many cases where parenting discipline is overdone. Some of this wrong discipline is done with very good intentions, all the while thinking that it will make your child a better person. However, there is a very thin line between constructive and destructive parenting discipline. Hitting or screaming at a child in the name of discipline is never a good thing. Children are very sensitive and such discipline can mark and scar them forever with very dire consequences. Parenting discipline is more teaching, showing a child the right way to do something, not just imposing or forcefully making him perform some duty given by you. No matter how good the intention the method of discipline is extremely important. Parenting discipline is a delicate matter to be approached very carefully. Do not make the mistake to presume that if something worked for you it will be the same for your child or even if it worked on for one child the same will work for another. Find the right way to discipline your child so he will happily learn and apply the discipline taught by you. I find that parenting how one sees best is the right that comes with that of being a parent. It doesn’t do well to criticize someone else’s parenting style as inferior. Of course poor parenting may come back to cause harm to the child and even parents and society. Really each parent should strive to raise children with good attitude, behavior, and character by appropriate parenting and discipline. Works Cited Definition of Discipline. Discipline. http://education. yahoo. com/reference/dictionary/entry/discipline. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. Leman, Kevin. Making Children Mind without Losing Yours. Grand Rapids, MI: F. H. Revell, 2000. Print. Santrock, John W. Child Development Thirteenth Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.